The persistence of the same problems in the absence of fiscal reforms and the inability to address and confront administrative and financial corruption will undoubtedly make it inevitable that contradictions persist in the absence of sustainable development, especially as...
Egypt Railway is the first railway to be built in Africa and the Middle East and the second worldwide after the United Kingdom, which began in 1834. The railway lines were extended to the Suez/Alexandria Line, but work was...
It’s been 17 years since the democratic system that ruled Iraq after the fall of the dictatorship. These 17 years have been marked by glitches and mistakes at all levels. One of the most distinctive features in the democratic...
The world is experiencing accelerated environmental changes, rising rates of pollution from human behavior, and Iraq is not far away from this global climate change, either about rising temperatures, scarce rainfall, water shortages resulting from Turkish water policies, and...
Two people living in Iraq may not disagree on the poor level of services provided by the State to its citizens. Primarily because of the widespread financial and administrative corruption in many branches of the State, confirmed in the...
The devaluation of the national currency is a measure resorted to by the Central Bank to achieve several economic goals. Foremost is improving the trade balance and supporting the growth of productive economic sectors that suffer from foreign product...
Border crossing points have an important place in the priorities of Iraqi governments. In addition to being a major supplier of non-oil imports to the Iraqi State, border crossings have become a window of corruption for gangs, outlaws, and...
The Iraqi economy has been in dire need of significant structural reforms and changes in public finances after the triple crisis of political, economic, and health. Demonstrations in central and southern Iraq took place in October of 2019; As...
Throughout history, financial crises have been met with innovative reform plans that help develop the resilience of a country’s economic system, except when it comes to Iraq. All major oil producing countries have developed sovereign wealth funds to help...
The multiple aspects of economic shocks lead to the process of draining the economic resources available to countries, particularly those with Rent Economy, which are the most politically, economically, and socially vulnerable economies, sometimes generating large fiscal deficits or...
